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In the Persian Gulf and adjacent Gulf of Oman, these differences are consistently in the range of −2° to −4☌ (fig. The spatiotemporal averaging inherent in reanalysis products causes ERA-Interim to be unable to represent the short durations and small areas of critical heat stress, causing its extreme TW values to be substantially lower than those of weather stations across the tropics and subtropics (fig. In the ERA-Interim reanalysis, the highest values are similarly located over the Persian Gulf and immediately adjacent land areas, as well as parts of the Indus River Valley (fig. Regionally coherent observational evidence supports these intense values: Of the stations along the Persian Gulf coastline with at least 50% data availability over 1979 to 2017, all have a historical 99.9th percentile of TW (the value exceeded roughly 14 times in 39 years) above 31☌ ( Fig. Along coastlines, the marine influence is manifest via anomalous onshore low-level winds during midday and afternoon hours, and these wind shifts can cause rapid dew point temperature (Td) increases in arid and semiarid coastal areas (figs. They are concentrated in South Asia, the coastal Middle East, and coastal southwest North America, in close proximity to extraordinarily high SSTs and intense continental heat that together favor the occurrence of extreme humid heat ( 2, 14). These conditions, nearing or beyond prolonged human physiological tolerance, have mostly occurred only for 1- to 2-hours’ duration (fig. Our survey of the climate record from station data reveals many global TW exceedances of 31° and 33☌ and two stations that have already reported multiple daily maximum TW values above 35☌. Results suggest that, under the business-as-usual RCP8.5 emissions scenario, TW could regularly exceed 35☌ in parts of South Asia and the Middle East by the third quarter of the 21st century ( 14– 16). The awareness of a physiological limit has prompted modeling studies to ask how soon it may be crossed. In the literature to date, there have been no observational reports of TW exceeding 35☌ and few reports exceeding 33☌ ( 9, 11, 14, 15). Because the ideal physiological and behavioral assumptions are almost never met, severe mortality and morbidity impacts typically occur at much lower values-for example, regions affected by the deadly 2003 European and 2010 Russian heat waves experienced TW values no greater than 28☌ (fig. Once the air (dry-bulb) temperature (T) rises above this threshold, metabolic heat can only be shed via sweat-based latent cooling, and at TW exceeding about 35☌, this cooling mechanism loses its effectiveness altogether.
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ET WEATHER CALCULATOR SKIN
A normal internal human body temperature of 36.8° ± 0.5☌ requires skin temperatures of around 35☌ to maintain a gradient directing heat outward from the core ( 10, 13).
ET WEATHER CALCULATOR FULL
ViaMichelin can provide a detailed cost for your journey: fuel costs adapted to your vehicle and toll costs throughout Europe.While some heat-humidity impacts can be avoided through acclimation and behavioral adaptation ( 12), there exists an upper limit for survivability under sustained exposure, even with idealized conditions of perfect health, total inactivity, full shade, absence of clothing, and unlimited drinking water ( 9, 10). These stages will also be included in the ViaMichelin GPS app if you have saved your route in your Michelin account.įor every calculated route, ViaMichelin offers the choice of two or three itineraries and allows you to make an easy comparison. You can add up to 6 stages to your route.
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ViaMichelin offers route and distance calculations between towns, addresses and points of interest for 4 possible modes of transport: car / motorcycle / bike / pedestrian.įor car and motorcycle routes you can choose from the following variants: